| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Callao Affair ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Callao Affair
The Callao Affair occurred in November 1820, during the Peruvian War of Independence. It began when a Spanish fort opened fire on the United States warship USS ''Macedonian''. Though the ship was damaged, the Americans did not violate their neutrality by counterattacking. On the following day, a boat filled with United States Navy sailors was attacked, resulting in the deaths of two seamen and the wounding of eight others. Two days after that, an American merchant ship was attacked and her crew had to abandon ship. Ultimately, there was no significant response by the United States to the attacks on their shipping and their citizens, though the Spanish government vowed to punish the perpetrators.〔De Kay, pp. 167–70〕
==Affair==
Inspired by the French revolution in 1789, and the Peruvian revolution, the people of Chile joined forces with the rebel Peruvians and revolted against Spanish authority in 1820. As result, a rebel First Chilean Navy Squadron under Scottish Captain Thomas Cochrane attacked the Spanish fleet anchored off Callao on the night of November 5, during which the rebels captured the forty-four gun frigate ''Esmeralda'' with heavy loss of life to the Spanish defenders. The capture of the ship crippled Spain's operational capabilities in the Pacific Ocean and infuriated the Royalist inhabitants of Callao. During the battle, the frigate USS ''Macedonian'', under Captain John Downes, was also at port with the mission of protecting six American merchant schooners which were being harassed by both the Chilean fleet and the Spanish on shore. Because the ''Macedonian'' was so close to the battle area, the Spanish military in Callao assumed that she had supported Cochrane's fleet in the attack. So instead of aiming for the Chilean ships, the garrison opened fire on the frigate and one of the American merchantmen with hot shot from Fortaleza del Real Felipe.〔Glenn, p. 108〕 Multiple rounds ripped through the ships' rigging though the damage was repairable and no Americans were harmed.〔
The ''Macedonian''s carpenter, Samuel Holbrook, later described the incident; "''Their shot flew round us like hail, cutting away our cross-jack yard, and much of our rigging. Many of the red hot shot struck near us.''" Captain Downes was in Lima at the time and a first lieutenant was in command and he ordered the sails hoisted to bring the vessel out of the fort's range. On the following day, the lieutenant sent the tender ''Buckskin'' filled with sailors into port for provisions. However, while the sailors were still heading to shore, Spanish troops at the docks opened fire, killing two men and wounding six others. Holbrook described the scene; "''blood and brain scattered round the inside as though a bullock had been killed in her.''" There was no landing as some sources claim and the survivors went back to their ship without obtaining the fresh food they were looking for.〔Glenn, p. 109〕
At the same time that the ''Macedonian'' sailors were attacked, American and British merchantmen were being looted in the port and two days later, on November 8, the American schooner ''Rampart'' was attacked by the fort and heavily damaged while trying to offload her cargo, forcing her crew to abandon ship.〔 The ''Macedonian'' also took on board that day several American and British refugees who were in fear of being killed by the natives. Captain Downes was still not interested in exacting redress for the three incidents but he did send the Spanish Viceroy Joaquin de la Pezuela a letter of protest.〔〔Long, p. 79〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Callao Affair」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|